Naflatoxin in milk in ethiopia pdf merger

High economic losses due to aflatoxin occur in the country crops and animals. Two percent of the positive samples with aflatoxin m1 levels exceeding 50ppt had aflatoxin m1 levels above 500ppt the usfda limits. Estimates place ethiopia far below recommended milk intake, and even below the africanwide average in per capita consumption. Reduction of aflatoxin m1 levels during ethiopian traditional. In rural areas, the markets for milk remain highly incomplete. The milk samples were digested by the optimized microwave digestion method using hno 3 and h 2 o 2. Aflatoxin m1 has been detected in high concentration throughout subsaharan africa in cows milk and in human breast milk, putting infants at high risk.

Samples of milk from various parts of the dairy were taken in the same time period as the supplying farm samples. Feed storage conditions in ethiopia are conducive to the accumulation of moulds and aflatoxins awareness of aflatoxins is very low along the dairy value chain over 90% of dairy farmers did not know that milk could be contaminated with aflatoxins. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia 1. Summary of cows, missing milk markets and nutrition in. Domestically produced processed and packaged milk products emerged at scale only a decade or so ago in ethiopia, and long life milk was produced by an ethiopian firm for the first time in 20. Milk and milk products play an important role in human nutrition throughout the country. It synthesizes evidence of the economic costs of unsafe food in relation to both domestic markets and trade, positions food safety as an integral part of economic development and food system modernization, and provides guidance on. A genetic phenomenon that allows for the selection of multiple genetic mutations that all lead to a similar outcomefor instance the ability to. The main dairy commodities that are traded on global markets are whole milk powder. The infant feeding samples were dryashed in a muffle furnace followed by digestion in nitric acid and the resulting solutions were analyzed by flame atomic. This is the predominate aflatoxin found in milk aflatoxins can occur preharvest, in the field, or postharvest, due to delayed drying andor improper. Proportion of dairy households that sell milk and butter in the lives project pas. Another source indicate that even more than 82% of milk produced from cows is consumed or processed into butter at farm level geert westenbrink, dairy forum dec. Ministry denies the study about high level of aflatoxin in milk.

The daily dietary intake of milk for an average mumbai india population is 1g. The level of aflatoxin contamination found in this study in milk and feed should prompt action to identify suitable interventions. Milk consumption, nutrition and health in southern ethiopia. Cows that consume afb1contaminated feed excrete aflatoxin m1 afm1 in their milk. To achieve the demand of milk and milk products in ethiopia, it should be improve the. Haimanot wollega university, school of veterinary medicine, nekemte, ethiopia abstract. Linear regression model showing association of noug cake, town and level of aflatoxin m1 in milk. Milk and dairy products, postharvest losses and food safety. Handling, processing and marketing of milk in the north.

The maize crop is third most important crop in ethiopia after wheat and teff and accounts for largest share in total crop production befekadu and berhanu 2000. Lack of awareness on aflatoxin contamination increases the risk of damage to human and animals. Effects of aflatoxin contamination of grains in ethiopia. New ilri study finds high levels of aflatoxin in milk and. Pdf aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and. As to our knowledge so far, there is a paucity of information on milk quality of goats in ethiopia. As the dairy sector in ethiopia is growing, attention needs to be paid to quality testing of both dairy feeds and milk to ensure that the milk is safe for consumers. Therefore this study was launched with the aim of evaluating selected goat breeds in ethiopia for milk yield potential and milk composition at different lactation stages so as to provide valuable information for producers and breeders. The magnitude of association indicated that contamination of milk from sululta was threefold compared to milk from sendafa, while the presence of noug cake in the feed caused a 73% increase of afm1 in milk.

In ethiopia, a currently ongoing study has revealed high levels of contamination of dairy feeds with aflatoxins in the greater addis milk shed. Handling, processing and utilization of milk and milk. Consumption pattern of milk and milk products in adaa woreda. Defatted sour milk obtained as a byproduct of traditional butter making from ergo ethiopian naturally fermented milk and a raw material for ayib ethiopian cottage cheese making. In ethiopia 98% milk is from the household rural faremers. Developing the butter value chain in ethiopia core. Samples of feeds, forage, maize and milk were taken at the dairy farms supplying milk to the dairy whose milk was being evaluated. Bacillus cereus isolation and load from raw cow milk sold. Economic value of camel milk in pastoralist communities in. Home ifpri publications summary of cows, missing milk markets and nutrition in rural ethiopia reference url share.

Milk aflatoxin m 1 contamination of milk results primarily from the conversion of aflatoxin b 1 that is metabolized by enzymes found primarily in the liver. Factors affecting milk and milk product export by ethiopia. The aim of this study was to detect and quantify the amount of afm1 in raw cows milk and afb1 in dairy feed samples in the greater addis ababa milk shed using a value chain approach. In sudan, 95% of milk was contaminated with aflatoxin m 1 ranging between 220 and 6,800. Milk borne public health hazards can be classified as biological, chemical or. The moisture content of high moisture feedstuffs should always be considered when calculating their nutritive value. Fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination in maize. Combine or merge files into a single pdf, adobe acrobat dc.

We recently published the results of a survey on aflatoxins in cows milk and dairy cattle feed in the addis ababa area. Determination of concentrations of selected heavy metals in. A new report strengthens the economic case for increased public investment and other policy attention on food safety in developing countries. Infant exposure to metals through consumption of formula. Use the combine files tool to merge word, excel, powerpoint, audio, or video files, web pages, or existing. Production of commercial crops could give adequate yields if it is supported with improved technologies and suggested packages. Detection and determination of oxytetracycline and penicillin. Researcharticle reduction of aflatoxin m1 levels during ethiopian traditional fermented milk ergo production tsigeshiguteandalemayehup. Aflatoxin b1 is the most toxic and the most prevalent yu, 2004. Milk and dairy products, postharvest losses and food safety in subsaharan africa and the near east. Jun 17, 2016 in comparison to east and west africa, ethiopia has a serious problem with aflatoxins though the exact levels of exposures are uncertain due to lack of data or testing bernard et al. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia dawit gizachew, barbara szonyi, azage tegegne, jean hanson and delia grace consultative workshop on milk quality addis ababa, ethiopia 2526 june 2015.

Projected demand for milk in ethiopia 20112020 source. The highest afm1 content was 4977 ppt and the lowest was 28 ppt. Aflatoxins are a group of naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus, species of fungi that typically affect corn and peanuts, which are ingredients, used in both food and feed products. Washe departmentofchemistry,hawassauniversity,pbox,hawass,ethiopia. Aflatoxin b1 and m1 contamination of animal feeds and milk. The carryover rates of aflatoxin b1 through oral intake and the metabolization to aflatoxin m1 in milk depend on the animal species, but there is also a large variation within species.

The concentrations of cr, mn, co, ni, cu, zn, cd and pb were determined by flame atomic. Milk is also used for rearing calves and whatever is obtained over and above producer household requirement is soured for beverage ergo andor butter kibe making. The infant feeding samples were dryashed in a muffle furnace followed by digestion in nitric acid and the resulting solutions were analyzed by flame atomic absorption. Consumption pattern of milk and milk products in adaa. Now that consumers want to enjoy their milk in the nonfasting season, they are faced with limited supply and higher prices. Nov 23, 2010 samples of feeds, forage, maize and milk were taken at the dairy farms supplying milk to the dairy whose milk was being evaluated. Detection and determination of oxytetracycline and. They present in the milk of lactating mammals which have consumed aflatoxin contaminated feed. We test this hypothesis for the dairy sector in rural ethiopia, a context in which markets are very thin, ownconsumption shares are very high, and milk is an important source of animalbased proteins and micronutrients for young children. In ethiopia aflatoxins are detected from several crops especially from maize and groundnut. The level of contamination of aflatoxin in all samples were calculated based on the level of aflatoxin milk quality of goats in ethiopia.

Nov 11, 2015 aflatoxin level in dairy products in addis area has no health risk. Snetsehay assefa, fortune staff writer went in search of the milk and managed to purchase her half litre, while hearing recommendations from the market place. Afm1 was also detected greater than the standard from milk and milk products in ethiopia. Milk and dairy products, postharvest losses and food. From the survey data, a comparison of the two systems showed that the proportion of milk sold was significantly p in the urban system than periurban system 47% versus 21%, while the opposite was true for the proportion of milk processed 15% versus 25%. Milk milk, with regard to aflatoxin, is a uniform sample of the farm environment and geographic regions milk is a reflective of a large sample of feedgrain used to monitor and verify feed and grain controls for aflatoxins are working screening of milk is advised in regions with elevated feedgrain risk raw milk qualification is.

This study aimed at determination of heavy metals cadmium, lead, and zinc in milkbased infant formulas collected from mekelle, ethiopia, and their associated health risks to the infants through consumption of these products. This study aimed at determination of heavy metals cadmium, lead, and zinc in milk based infant formulas collected from mekelle, ethiopia, and their associated health risks to the infants through consumption of these products. In this study, the reduction of aflatoxin m1 afm1 levels during labscale ergo production was investigated through determination of the residual levels of afm1 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. To link to this object, paste this link in email, im or document to embed this object, paste this html in website. All of the samples from milk collectors were contaminated with afm1 exceeding 50 ppt. Summary rations need to be reformulated when the type of feed or the quality of the forage changes. Aflatoxin level in dairy products in addis area has no. Yohannes besufekad, wondossen ayalew and anteneh getachew, 2018. The over all milk consumption in ethiopia is very low, even compared with other least developed african countries. The four times hydrated aflatoxinb1and b2 is converted to aflatoxin m1 and m2 respectively. You can either select the files you want to merge from you computer or drop them on the app using drag. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in. Productive performance of indigenous and hf crossbred dairy. Detection and determination of oxytetracycline and penicillin g antibiotic residue levels in bovine bulk milk from nazareth dairy farms, ethiopia desalegne abebew 1 kelay belihu 2 and girma zewde 1wollo university, school of veterinary medicine, dessie, p.

Kumar n, eshetie a, abreha t and yizengaw ha 2014 productive performance of indigenous and hf crossbred dairy cows in gondar, ethiopia, veterinary world 73. Borena zone, ethiopia tassew belete1, ahmed hussen2, vegi maheswara rao2 1department of chemistry, mizantepi university, tepi campus, ethiopia 2department of chemistry, dilla. This study was initiated to assess the knowledge and practices. In addition, ten raw milk samples were collected from milk collectors located in addis ababa 1, debre zeit 3 and sululta 6. If the farmers could not produce greater varieties of products, it is most likely that farmers could not get the full valueadded products from milk production. B1 is the predominate form aflatoxin b1 when ingested by animals is converted to aflatoxin m1. Cows, missing milk markets and nutrition in rural ethiopia. Aflatoxin level in dairy products in addis area has no health risk. For this purpose, 100 milk samples from dairy farmers and ten. Fresh cows milk samples were collected from four dairy farms of arero, gololcha, odomike, and semero sites of borena zone, ethiopia and preserved in a deep freezer 20. For dairy cattle, carryoverrates of 16% with an average of 2. Our pdf merger allows you to quickly combine multiple pdf files into one single pdf document, in just a few clicks. Aug 29, 20 a genetic phenomenon that allows for the selection of multiple genetic mutations that all lead to a similar outcomefor instance the ability to digest milkhas been characterised for the first.

This indicates that a lot of ethiopian people are at danger of aflatoxin contamination. International food policy research institute ifpri, addis ababa, ethiopia. Results showed the presence of afm1 in all milk samples, and contamination level ranged between 0. Consumption pattern of milk and milk products in adaa woreda, east shoa zone, central ethiopia kassahun melesse and fekadu beyene debre zeit agricultural research center p. Levels of afm1 in raw milk reported in our study were lower compared to a study in periurban ethiopia that showed 91. Some improvement is also reported in the per important component of livestock farming in ethiopia. Jul 20, 2015 the crosssectional study by scientists from the international livestock research institute was carried out in the greater addis ababa milk shed between september 2014 and february 2015 in order to detect and quantify the levels of aflatoxin m1 in samples of raw cows milk and aflatoxin b1 in samples of dairy feed. Review on traditional handling, processing and marketing of milk. Milk production, composition and variation at different. To accurately evaluate forage quality, forages must be tested whenever a change is expected in the quality the amount and type of concentrate mix needs to match the type and quality of forages fed to the milking herd, dry cows and heifers. In siliguri the price is 26% cheaper than in addis ababa in manaus the price is 35% cheaper than in addis ababa in sulaymaniyah the price is 27% more expensive than in addis ababa in zhengzhou the price is. There have been a couple of loads of milk dumped in south west indiana because of violative levels of aflatoxin. These results suggest that risk mitigation should focus on noug cake to effectively reduce aflatoxin contamination in perurban dairy value chains in ethiopia.

Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk in the greater addis. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater. Ilri the level of aflatoxin in dairy products in addis ababa area has no health effect, the international livestock research. Determinants affecting adoption of maltbarley technology.

Aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges. The feeds are to be screened for fungi and mycotoxins and the milk samples for aflatoxin m 1. Considerable numbers of studies have been conducted on various technologies. Productive performance of indigenous and hf crossbred. In the proposed study, all the samples come from the regions within the temperature ranges from 20 to 31 c alene et al. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the. Aflatoxins, probably the most studied and widely known mycotoxins. These days there is rapid population growth and urbanization in the country. Thirty five percent of the positive samples had aflatoxin levels exceeding 0. These limited studies showed that agar and incubation was made at for 24 to 48 hours. The action level for aflatoxin b 1 is 20 parts per billion for feed fed to lactating dairy cows. Aflatoxin level in dairy products in addis area has no health.

However, in ethiopia the daily consumption of milk is very low. At the same time, the dairy industry can provide highly nutritious animalsource foods milk and dairy products to meet the increasing food security and nutritional requirements of an expanding population. Bacillus cereus is a sporeforming bacterium that is widely distributed in the environment and can be detected in a variety of raw milk and milk products especially in vegetative form, which exposed directly in contact with the soil and produces toxins which caused food borne illness and considered as a significant public health hazard. Now, a new research study published in the journal food control 6 july 2015 has, for the first time, documented aflatoxin contamination in milk and dairy feeds in ethiopia and the results show that milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed are highly contaminated with aflatoxins. Afm1 has been shown to be hepatocarcinogenic at 50ppb in fischer male rats with the potency of 210% of that of afb1 and also induces low incidences of intestinal adenocarcinomas. Washe departmentofchemistry,hawassauniversity,pbox,hawass, ethiopia. The hygienic conditions are different according to the production system, adapted practices, level awareness and availability of resources.

Determination of concentrations of selected heavy metals in cows milk. After aflatoxin m 1 is formed, it is excreted in the urine and milk of the cow. There are 4 aflatoxins produced by fungus growth in grains. June 2015 14 aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds in. Reduce milk consumption in such dietary transition have shown negative effects on childrens dietary outcomes fratkin et al. The annual per capita milk consumption was 1920 litres in 19931994 ilri 2000 and it has been reduced to 17 litres gebrewold et al 1998. We estimate that camel milk production in the borana zone has a total value of 902,253 birr a day and 329. Afm1 in milk has been shown to decline as contaminated feed is withdrawn, with no traces of aflatoxin in milk being detected after 34 days of withdrawal 11, 12. Ilri the level of aflatoxin in dairy products in addis ababa area has no. Determination of concentrations of selected heavy metals. The reported values of daily milk consumption in usa and spain are 224g and 124g, respectively 9. Ethiopia crop agriculture is very complicated, involving substantial alteration in crops cultivated around the different parts of country chilot et al. Ethiopia is believed to have the largest livestock average daily milk productioncow of 1.

Review on milk safety with emphasis on its public health. Aflatoxin m1 afm1 is the principal hydroxylated afb1 metabolite present in milk of cows fed with a diet contaminated with afb1and excreted within 12 hours of administration of contaminated feeds. In siliguri the price is 26% cheaper than in addis ababa in manaus the price is 35% cheaper than in addis ababa in sulaymaniyah the price is 27% more expensive than in addis ababa in zhengzhou the price is 110% more expensive than in addis ababa. Analysis to ascertain the determination for aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds from gurage zone, ethiopia.

Several researches show that afb1 is the most common aflatoxin in ethiopia from most commodities at a very much higher level. However, adoption and intensity of adoption on malt barley technology has not been carried out in the country. Introduction though milk is a universal food item of pastoralists, its consumption has declined over time and subjected to season variations megersa et al. A similar conclusion was given by yoseph et al 2003 and sintayehu et al 2008. The daily intake of the metals depends on both the concentration and the amount of food consumed. The traditional milk processing is generally time consuming, verities of products was limited and less milk fat recovery turned into butter per unit of milk processed ilca 1992. Analysis to ascertain the determination for aflatoxin. In this study, we have collected raw milk samples from dairy farmers and milk collectors in the greater addis milk shed and quantified the levels of afm1 using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay elisa. Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk in the greater addis ababa. This webapp provides a simple way to merge pdf files. Fao, 2011 a big part of milk is transformed into butter which can be seen in the table below. School of veterinary medicine,wollega university, nekemte, ethiopia, p.